让真正的科学火起来******
【科学随笔】
作者:崔兴毅、张辰龙(均系南京航空航天大学博士)
当下,科普很热,伪科普也很热。
一面是追着新冠跑、比疫情更难防的伪科学。诸如“吃大蒜可治新冠”“我家自来水阳了”等视频流传网络;诸如可抵御病毒、预防新冠的花式商品在网店热卖。它们中,有的打着“高科技”旗号,有的则是人们熟悉的“老面孔”。
一面是科普盛宴“出圈”,“好玩”的科学“圈粉”无数。在中科院联合抖音举办的2023跨年科学演讲中,诺贝尔奖得主、院士学者分享了大脑信号、航空航天、黑土地保护、电磁学等前沿科技,抖音直播间观看人次突破2500万。
科学热中真与假的对撞,反映的正是公众对科学知识的渴望。当人们信息获取的需求通过移动终端被大量释放后,科普方式就应及时“换挡升级”。在公众科普的语境中,更加立体、全面的体系正在被构建,更新潮、更便利的方式极大缓解了科普“不平衡、不充分”的矛盾。还有在跨年晚会云集的平台中突围出的一场跨年科学演讲,以知识的普及辞旧迎新,显然是令人欣喜的现象。
不可否认,当下有效知识的供给依旧不足,这直接影响着人们对知识的获取。由于科学暂时无法满足人们的所有需要,伪科学便可乘虚而入。一些网络博主,为博眼球聘请所谓“专家”,编造“科学流言”,迎合公众猎奇心理;有的蓄意炒作,制造“健康焦虑”,让产品营销披上健康科普的外衣。这些依靠情感赢得信赖的虚假信息,又借助社交媒体的熟人效应,在公众舆论场如石子投湖般一圈一圈传播开去,让公众感觉更加混乱——即便同一个主题和话题,也可能看到各种不同甚至有些彼此矛盾的解读。
事实上,科学本身就是一种进程。在对物质世界的探索中,科学家们往往会得到很多不同的结论,有些甚至是对立的。这些并不是“伪科学”,而是需要在不断地研究中去伪存真。这种学术观点之争并不是我们本篇文章讨论的内容。
很多虚假信息的传播,是大量依靠“俘获”受众情感,而并非以事实为基础。当然,在科学传播中,事实与情感并非截然对立,或者说不需要情感的力量。现在,半数以上的移动端用户具备一定教育背景,科普的受众呈现出年轻化、高学历的特点,覆盖人群也已拓展到白领、大学生、企业管理者、人文学者等。他们排斥枯燥无味的灌输式科普、说教式科普,对有趣有料的科普,更加喜闻乐见。这种受众多元化、异质性的特点,决定着科普必须与时俱进,一方面专家得“懂行”,另一方面内容得“好玩”。
那么,作为非科技工作者该如何分辨这种信息呢?这很难,需要学校和社会同时发力,提升全民科学素养需要一个比较长的时间尺度,并非一日之功。
在现阶段,科普首先能做的是丰富内涵——不仅仅是科学知识,还应该包括科学精神、科学思想和科学方法等。现在社会上伪科学传播很快,恰恰表明当下公众的科学方法、思维、知识还没有那么高、那么好。以此次新冠疫情为镜,折射出的正是一些公众科学素养亟待提升的现实。包括“冷核聚变”“基因编辑婴儿”等事件,一定程度上没能让公众更加理解科学,反而会让他们更加质疑科学。所以,如果希望通过科普培养公众的科学理性,让人们掌握科学方法,理解科学精神,那么就需要把科普从“解释科学是什么”转向“科学为什么”上。因为“科学的精髓是其方法”,如果只向公众讲解科学的成果和发现,而不讲解严格的科学方法,那么人们何以区分什么是科学,什么是伪科学。
科学实验中的曲折有时比科学成果本身更吸引公众。科学就是在试错的过程中发展起来的。科学往往是先设立假说,然后针对这些假说进行试验。科学在探寻真相的征途上探索着,踉踉跄跄地蹒跚前行。当一种假说被证伪时,假说的提出者当然会很沮丧,但是,这种证伪恰被认为是科学事业的精髓所在。
广大科技工作者在进行科普时,不妨用一种引人入胜的方式来讲述他们走过的路,陈述成果,也呈现探索曲折的过程;点明结论,也聊聊千百次试验运用的方法。只有在真诚沟通中传递科学精神的内核,提高人们对科学类流言的“免疫力”,才能让公众拥抱一个温暖而不是冷冰冰的科学。
《光明日报》( 2023年01月12日 16版)
中新网评:处理核污水绝不是日本自家私事******
中新网北京1月19日电(蒋鲤)日本政府近日称,将于2023年春夏期间开始向海洋排放经过处理的福岛第一核电站核污水。日本罔顾国内民众及周边国家的屡屡反对,企图将核污水“一倒了之”,把一件关乎全球海洋生态环境和公众健康的事当成了自家私事。
资料图:日本福岛第一核电站。2011年,福岛核电站事故发生后,大量放射性物质泄漏到大气层和太平洋,对周围环境造成了难以逆转的伤害,数十万人被迫撤离该地区。时至今日,作为日本邻国之一的韩国仍未解除福岛海鲜禁令。
日本以核污水存储能力即将达到上限为由,在2021年4月13日,正式决定将福岛第一核电站核污水排入太平洋。过去一年多,日本政府和东京电力公司一直在持续推进核污水排海计划。
日本政府辩称,这些核污水经多核素处理系统(ALPS)处理后很安全,甚至“可以喝”,这样的表态无疑在愚弄大众。
事实上,经过处理的核污水仍含有多种放射性物质,核污水一旦排放入海就无法回收,长期来看,将会给海洋生态带来难以估量的潜在威胁,最终危害人类健康。
因此,核污水排海计划推出后,遭到日本民众强烈反对。日本《朝日新闻》2022年3月公布的问卷调查显示,福岛县、宫城县和岩手县受访的42个市町村长中,约六成反对东京电力公司福岛第一核电站核污水排放入海。日本全国渔业协会联合会也多次申明立场,反对该计划。
日本政府认为,核污水排海是最便宜、最省事的解决方案,但此举却将周边国家乃至全世界置于核污染风险中。太平洋非日本一家之海,核污水会随着洋流流动,其影响势必会跨越国界,危害周边国家乃至整个国际社会的公共福祉和利益。
《韩国经济新闻》发文称,相关研究认为,福岛核污水如果排放入海,约7个月后将到达济州等韩国海域,该国水产业和旅游业将遭受相当大的损失。
德国南极海洋机构也曾发出警告,若日本将所有核污水排入海中,不到半年,整个太平洋都将面临高度辐射威胁,包括远在大洋另一端的美国。太平洋地区人民更是对日本该计划持反对意见。
日本作为《联合国海洋法公约》缔约国,有义务保护海洋环境。然而,在核污水排海方案的正当性、核污水数据的可靠性、净化装置的有效性、环境影响的不确定性等问题上,日本未能作出科学、可信的说明。
国际原子能机构技术工作组虽已三次赴日实地考察评估,但尚未就日排海方案的安全性给出结论,并且对日本提出诸多澄清要求和整改意见。在此情况下,日本仍执意推进核污水排海工程建设,这是极不负责任的行为。
太平洋不是日本的下水道,日本必须正视各方合理关切,在与周边国家等相关利益方和国际原子能机构充分协商后,制定合理的核污水处理方案。日本也要着眼长远,若只顾眼前,执意将核污水排放入海,不仅其自身,周边国家乃至全世界都将为之买单,其后果必将会危害数代人。
Fukushima water disposal by no means Japan’s own business
By John Lee
(ECNS) -- Japan has announced it will release treated wastewater from the wrecked Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Pacific Ocean this year.
Although Fukushima wastewater disposal affects global marine ecological environment protection and public health, Japan has turned a deaf ear to domestic and international opposition to dumping the contaminated water into the sea, treating the "global" matter as its own business.
The Fukushima accident in 2011 had sent large quantities of radiation into the atmosphere and the Pacific Ocean, causing irreversible damage to the surrounding environment, and hundreds of thousands of people were forced to evacuate the area. South Korea still maintains its import ban on Japanese seafood from areas affected by the Fukushima nuclear disaster.
On April 13, 2021, Japan announced it had decided to discharge contaminated radioactive wastewater in Fukushima Prefecture into the sea due to dwindling storage space, with the Japanese government and plant operator Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. promoting the release plan over the past year.
The Japanese government argues that the water treated by an advanced liquid processing system, or ALPS, is safe and drinkable, which is undoubtedly fooling the public.
In fact, the treated wastewater still includes a variety of radioactive substances and can’t be recycled once discharged into the sea, which will pose a great threat to marine ecology and ultimately endanger human health in the long run.
Therefore, the discharge plan has been strongly opposed in Japan. According to a questionnaire conducted by The Asahi Shimbun, nearly 60 percent of mayors of 42 municipalities in Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima prefectures oppose the discharge plan. The National Fisheries Cooperative Federation of Japan has also repeatedly stated its opposition in public.
The Japanese government believes that dumping Fukushima wastewater into the sea is the cheapest and most convenient solution, but neighboring countries and even the whole world will be at risk of nuclear pollution.
The Pacific Ocean doesn’t belong to Japan and the wastewater flow along oceanic currents will surely break boundaries and endanger public welfare and the interests of neighboring countries and even the international community.
The Korea Economic Daily reported that related research concluded that if contaminated water from Fukushima is released into the ocean, it would only take seven months for the contaminated water to reach the shores of Jeju Island, with the country's aquaculture and tourism suffering considerable losses.
According to the calculation of a German marine scientific research institute, radioactive materials will spread to most of the Pacific Ocean within half a year from the date of discharge, and the U.S. and Canada will be affected by nuclear pollution. People in the Pacific region also oppose the discharge plan.
As a participant of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Japan has the obligation of protecting the marine environment.
However, it hasn’t offered a full and convincing explanation on issues like the legitimacy of the discharge plan, the reliability of data on the nuclear-contaminated water, the efficacy of the treatment system or the uncertainty of environmental impact.
Though the IAEA has yet to complete a comprehensive review after three investigations in Japan, the Japanese side has been pushing through the approval process for its discharge plan and even started building facilities for the discharge. It is rather irresponsible for Japan to act against public opinion at home and concerns abroad.
The Pacific Ocean is not a private Japanese sewer. The country must seriously heed the voices of the international community and make a reasonable plan for the Fukushima wastewater disposal after full consultation with stakeholders and international agencies.
If it only seeks instant interest and insists on discharging the contaminated water into the sea, not only itself, but also its neighboring countries and the entire world will pay for the decision and several generations will be forced to bear the consequence.
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